Xiang Li1, Yongyun Hu1*, Jun Yang1, Mengyu Wei1, Jiaqi Guo1, Jiawenjing Lan1, Qifan Lin1, Shuai Yuan1, Jian Zhang1, Qiang Wei1, Yonggang Liu1, Ji Nie1, Yan Xia2, Shineng Hu3
1Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
2School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
3Division of Earth and Climate Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Corresponding author: Yongyun Hu (yyhu@pku.edu.cn)
Abstract
We simulate climate variations in the past 250 million years (Myr), using the fully-coupled Community Earth System Model version 1.2.2 (CESM1.2.2) with the Community Atmosphere Model version 4 (CAM4). Three groups of simulations are performed, each including 26 simulations, with a 10-million-year interval. The Control group is constrained by paleogeography, increasing solar radiation, and reconstructed global mean surface temperatures (GMSTs) by tuning CO2 concentrations. No ice sheets are prescribed for all simulations except for the pre-industrial simulation in which modern geography, ice sheets and vegetation are used. Simulated zonal mean surface temperatures are always higher than those of proxy reconstructions in the tropics, but lower than those of proxy reconstructions at middle latitudes. The relative importance of individual contributing factors for surface temperature variations in the past 250 Myr is diagnosed, using the energy-balance analysis. Results show that greenhouse gases are the major driver in regulating GMST variations, with a maximum contribution of 12.2°C. Varying surface albedo contributes to GMST variations by 3.3°C. Increasing solar radiation leads to GMST increases by 1.5°C. Cloud radiative effects have relatively weak impacts on GMST variations, less than ±0.8°C. For comparison, two groups of sensitivity simulations are performed. One group has the CO2 concentration fixed at 10 times the pre-industrial value, and the other group has fixed CO2 concentration of 10 times the pre-industrial value and fixed solar radiation at the present-day value, showing that varying both paleogeography and solar constant and varying paleogeography alone result in GMST changes by 7.3°C and 5.6°C, respectively.
Key Points:
· Climate evolution in the past 250 million years is simulated using the fully-coupled climate model CESM1.2.2 (CAM4) every 10 million years
· Greenhouse gases are the major factor in regulating surface temperature variations in the past 250 million years
· Changes of continental configurations have significant contributions to surface temperature variations over tectonic timescales
Citation:
Li, X., Hu, Y., Yang, J., Wei, M., Guo, J., Lan, J., et al. (2023). Climate variations in the past 250 million years and contributing factors. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 38, e2022PA004503. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004503
